The M454 nuclear projectile, also known as the Artillery Fired Atomic Projectile (AFAP), holds a unique place in military history. Developed by the United States, this small-yield tactical weapon was designed for use with standard 155-millimeter howitzers. Let’s explore the fascinating details of the M454.
Origins and Specifications
- Development and Deployment:
- The M454 entered service in 1963 and remained operational until 1992.
- It was primarily used with the M109 155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer.
- The M454 was a tactical nuclear weapon, providing divisional commanders with close nuclear fire support.
- Technical Details:
- Length: Approximately 34 inches (86 cm)
- Diameter: 155 millimeters (6.1 inches)
- Weight: 120 pounds (54 kg)
- Blast Yield: Equivalent to 0.072 kilotonnes of TNT (0.30 TJ)
- Versatility and Effectiveness:
- The M454 had a range of 14,000 meters (8.7 miles).
- It was five times more effective against infantry and light armored vehicles (LAV) compared to standard high-explosive (HE) projectiles.
- The unified charge module (UCM) minimized logistical complexity by using a single type of modular charge.
Legacy and Impact
- Smallest Nuclear Weapon:
- The M454’s yield was equivalent to 72 tonnes of TNT, making it one of the smallest nuclear weapons ever developed by the U.S.
- Despite its compact size, it packed a significant punch.
- Historical Context:
- The M454 emerged during the Cold War, reflecting the era’s emphasis on tactical nuclear capabilities.
- It provided flexibility for commanders, allowing them to engage deep targets beyond the reach of other available nuclear weapons.
- Retirement and Successors:
- The M454 was retired in 1992.
- Its legacy lives on through successors like the MGM-140 ATACMS (Army Tactical Missile System).